absolute value using `|a|` built from a `prefix |` and `postfix |` as an operator
alias of `a.abs`

Due to the low precedence of `|`, this works also on expressions like `|a-b|`, even
with spaces `| a-b |`, `|a - b|`, `| a-b|` or `|a-b |`.

Nesting, however, does not work, e.g, `| - |a| |`, this requires parentheses `|(- |a|)|`.

absolute value

this integer as an array of bytes (little endian)

convert this to a decimal number in a string. If negative, add "-" as
the first character.

convert this to a number using the given base. If negative, add "-" as
the first character.

convert this to a number using the given base. If negative, add "-" as
the first character. Extend with leading "0" until the length is at
least len

this numeric value as an u8

create binary representation

create binary representation with given number of digits.

create decimal representation

create decimal representation with given number of digits.

dynamic_apply -- apply `f.call` to `Any.this`'s dynamic type and value

This can be used to perform operation on values depending on their dynamic
type.

Here is an example that takes a `Sequence Any` that may contain boxed values
of types `i32` and `f64`. We can now write a feature `get_f64` that extracts
these values converted to `f64` and build a function `sum` that sums them up
as follows:


NYI: IMPROVEMENT: #5892: If this is fixed, we could write

Get the dynamic type of this instance. For value instances `x`, this is
equal to `type_of x`, but for `x` with a `ref` type `x.dynamic_type` gives
the actual runtime type, while `type_of x` results in the static
compile-time type.

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types. So for Type values, dynamic_type is redefined
to just return Type.type.

does this numeric value fit into an u8? This is redefined by children
of numeric that support `as_u8`.

greatest common divisor of this and b

note that this assumes zero to be divisible by any positive integer.

create hexadecimal representation

create hexadecimal representation with given number of digits.

basic operations: 'infix %' (division remainder)

test divisibility by other

bitwise operations

multiplication, with check for overflow

exponentiation for positive exponent

'zero ** zero' is permitted and results in 'one'.

exponentiation with overflow checking semantics

'zero **? zero' is permitted and results in 'one'.

exponentiation with saturating semantics

'zero **^ zero' is permitted and results in 'one'.

exponentiation with wrap-around semantics

'zero **° zero' is permitted and results in 'one'.

addition, with check for overflow

subtraction, with check for overflow

basic operations: 'infix /' (division)

preconditions used in 'numeric' for basic operations: true if the
operation is permitted for the given values

create a fraction

shift operations

create a fraction via unicode fraction slash \u2044 '⁄ '

check if this type of wrap_around is bounded

wrap_arounds are assumed to be a bound set by default, so
this returns true unless redefined by an implementation

the least significant byte of this integer

create octal representation

create octal representation with given number of digits.

count the number of 1 bits in the binary representation of this
integer.

would addition wrap_around.this + other cause an overflow or underflow?

would exponentiation 'this ** other' cause an overflow?

would multiplication wrap_around.this * other cause an overflow or underflow?

would subtraction wrap_around.this - other cause an overflow or underflow?

convenience prefix operator to create a string from a value.

This permits usage of `$` as a prefix operator in a similar way both
inside and outside of constant strings: $x and "$x" will produce the
same string.

basic operations: 'prefix +' (identity)

preconditions for basic operations: true if the operation's result is
representable and defined for the given values

default implementations all return `true` such that children have to
redefine these only for partial operations such as those resulting in
an overflow or that are undefined like a division by zero for most
types.

negation, with check for overflow

preconditions used in 'numeric' for basic operations: true if the
operation is permitted for the given values

overflow checking operations

saturating operations

neg, add, sub, mul with wrap-around semantics

bitwise NOT

bitwise NOT (Unicode alias)

sign function resulting in `-1`/`0`/`+1` depending on whether `numeric.this`
is less than, equal or greater than zero

would negation -wrap_around.this cause an overflow?

returns the number in whose bit representation all bits are ones

string representation of this type to be used for debugging.

result has the form "Type of '<name>'", but this might change in the future

how many bytes does this integer use?

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types, so dynamic_type is redefined to just return
Type.type here.

equality implements the default equality relation for values of this type.

This relation must be

- reflexive (equality a a),
- symmetric (equality a b = equality b a), and
- transitive ((equality a b && equality b c) : equality a c).

result is true iff 'a' is considered to represent the same abstract value
as 'b'.

the value corresponding to v in whatever integer implementation we have,
maximum in case of overflow

create hash code for this instance

This should satisfy the following condition:

(T.equality a b) : (T.hash_code a = T.hash_code b)

Is this type assignable to a type parameter with constraint `T`?

The result of this is a compile-time constant that can be used to specialize
code for a particular type.


it is most useful in conjunction with preconditions or `if` statements as in


or

does a come before b or is equal to b?

maximum

minimum

name of this type, including type parameters, e.g. 'option (list i32)'.

identity element for 'infix *'

convenience prefix operator to create a string from a value.

This permits usage of `$` as a prefix operator in a similar way both
inside and outside of constant strings: $x and "$x" will produce the
same string.

NYI: Redefinition allows the type feature to be distinguished from its normal counterpart, see #3913

monoid of numeric with infix * operation. Will create product of all elements
it is applied to.

monoid of numeric with infix *^ operation. Will create product of all elements
it is applied to, stopping at max/min value in case of overflow.

monoid of numeric with infix + operation. Will create sum of all elements it
is applied to.

monoid of numeric with infix +^ operation. Will create sum of all elements it
is applied to, stopping at max/min value in case of overflow.

the constant '10' in whatever integer implementation we have, maximum in case of overflow

the constant '2' in whatever integer implementation we have, maximum in case of overflow

Get a type as a value.

This is a feature with the effect equivalent to Fuzion's `expr.type` call tail.
It is recommended to use `expr.type` and not `expr.type_value`.

`type_value` is here to show how this can be implemented and to illustrate the
difference to `dynamic_type`.

identity element for 'infix +'

equals -- feature that compares two values using the equality relation
defined in their type

hash of a value

infix = -- infix operation as short-hand for 'equals'

does this come strictly before other?

infix <= -- infix operation as short-hand for 'lteq'

three-way comparison between this and other.

result is < 0 if this < other
result is > 0 if this > other
result is = 0 if this = other

infix = -- infix operation as short-hand for 'equals'

does this come strictly after other?

does this come after other?

is `a` contained in `Set` `s`?

This should usually be called using type inference as in

is `a` not contained in `Set` `s`?

This should usually be called using type inference as in

infix ≟ -- infix operation as short-hand for 'equals'

infix ≤ -- infix operation as short-hand for 'lteq'

does this come after other?

three-way comparison between this and other.

result is < 0 if this < other
result is > 0 if this > other
result is = 0 if this = other

does this come strictly before other?

does this come strictly after other?

lteq -- feature that compares two values using the lteq relation
defined in their type

maximum of two values

memoize `f`.
wraps f so that f will only be called once for every unique input.

The term "memoization" was coined by Donald Michie in 1968 and
is derived from the Latin word "memorandum" ("to be remembered"),
usually truncated as "memo" in American English, and thus carries
the meaning of "turning a function into something to be remembered".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoization

example:

minimum of two values