io

unit type to group buffered io

dir -- a unit type that contains effects related to file system
directories

err -- effect providing an output stream

file -- a unit type that contains effects related to file I/O

out -- effect providing an output stream

print_effect -- effect providing an output stream

This is used as heir feature for effects such as io.out and io.err.

create a String from this instance. Unless redefined, `a.as_string` will
create `"instance[T]"` where `T` is the dynamic type of `a`

Get the dynamic type of this instance. For value instances `x`, this is
equal to `type_of x`, but for `x` with a `ref` type `x.dynamic_type` gives
the actual runtime type, while `type_of x` results in the static
compile-time type.

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types. So for Type values, dynamic_type is redefined
to just return Type.type.

short-hand for accessing err effect in current environment

short-hand for accessing out effect in current environment

convenience prefix operator to create a string from a value.

This permits usage of `$` as a prefix operator in a similar way both
inside and outside of constant strings: $x and "$x" will produce the
same string.

short-hand to return an io.reader with a read provider
allowing to read from stdin.

usage example:

short-hand to return an io.writer with a write provider
allowing to write to stdout.

unit type to group buffered io

dir -- a unit type that contains effects related to file system
directories

unit type to indicate an `end of file`
or the depletion of a source

err -- effect providing an output stream

file -- a unit type that contains effects related to file I/O

out -- effect providing an output stream

print_effect -- effect providing an output stream

This is used as heir feature for effects such as io.out and io.err.

string representation of this type to be used for debugging.

result has the form "Type of '<name>'", but this might change in the future

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types, so dynamic_type is redefined to just return
Type.type here.

Is this type assignable to a type parameter with constraint `T`?

The result of this is a compile-time constant that can be used to specialize
code for a particular type.

is_of_integer_type(n T : numeric) => T : integer
say (is_of_integer_type 1234) # true
say (is_of_integer_type 3.14) # false

it is most useful in conjunction preconditions or `if` statements as in

pair(a,b T) is

=>

or

val(n T) is

name of this type, including type parameters, e.g. 'option (list i32)'.

Get a type as a value.

This is a feature with the effect equivalent to Fuzion's `expr.type` call tail.
It is recommended to use `expr.type` and not `expr.type_value`.

`type_value` is here to show how this can be implemented and to illustrate the
difference to `dynamic_type`.