handles2

does this effect support abort?

Redefining this to return `false` helps to detect unexptected calls to
`abort` at runtime and ensure that the static analysis finds that the
code executed with this effect will always return normally and produce
a result. This is used, e.g, in `mutate` to avoid static analysis
reporting `panic` as an effect of the use of a local mutate instance.

create a String from this instance. Unless redefined, `a.as_string` will
create `"instance[T]"` where `T` is the dynamic type of `a`

convenience version of `type.default` for effect values whose type is
exactly the effect type (i.e., the value type does not inherit
from the effect type).

set default instance for effect type `effect.this` to value `effect.this`.

NYI: UNDER DEVELOPMENT: See type.default

Get the dynamic type of this instance. For value instances `x`, this is
equal to `type_of x`, but for `x` with a `ref` type `x.dynamic_type` gives
the actual runtime type, while `type_of x` results in the static
compile-time type.

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types. So for Type values, dynamic_type is redefined
to just return Type.type.

feature that will be called on the final instance of this effect
after it has been de-instated.

This happens either on a normal return form the code passed to
`instate`, on an abort perfomed on this effect or on an abort
performed on an effect instated prior to this effect's instation.

This can be used to perform actions when leaving an effect such
a cleanup up resources that were created or opened by operations
of this effect.

get the value referred to by a given handle

has one element been created using 'new'?

monadic operator to another monad

Apply f to elements of type A and wrap them in MB.

NYI: This is currently useless since a redefinition is not
allowed for features with generic arguments. Is there a way
we could allow this anyway?

convenience version of `instate` for effect values whose type is
exactly the effect type (i.e., the value type does not inherit
from the effect type).

Execute 'code' in a context where this effect instance has been
instated for effect type `effect.this`.

In case `f` returns normally, this will return `f`'s result.

In case `f` aborts this effect, this will panic.

join operator

NYI: useless since redefinition currently not supported for
feature with generics.

return the last handle that was created by 'new'

create a new instance with one additional handle

the new handle can be accessed by 'result.last'

convenience prefix operator to create a string from a value.

This permits usage of `$` as a prefix operator in a similar way both
inside and outside of constant strings: $x and "$x" will produce the
same string.

create a new instance with new value referred to by a given handle

replace existing effect of type `effect.this` by the new effect value `effect.this`.

This is a convenience feature for value type effects for which the type of
the effect instance equals the effect type. `ref` type effects typically have
values that may be children of the effect type that are of a different type, so
`effect_type.replace new_value` must be used.

replace may only be called during the execution of an operation of a currently instated
effect of the same effect type.

create a new instance with the value referred to by a given handle read and
updated.

Abort code execution for the instated effect.this.env and return to the point
where the effect was instated.

replace existing effect for type `effect.this` by the new effect value `e`
and abort code execution to return to the point where the effect was instated.

string representation of this type to be used for debugging.

result has the form "Type of '<name>'", but this might change in the future

set default instance for effect type `effect.this` to `e`

NYI: UNDER DEVELOPMENT: This is a manual work-around to automatically install
default effects. It should be replaced by a effect configuration file that
is defined locally to a fuzion project or globally to the fuzion installation
the defines the default effects to be used. The DFA should then automatically
determine the required effects and create code to instate them at the beginning
of an application.

There is no dynamic type of a type instance since this would result in an
endless hierarchy of types, so dynamic_type is redefined to just return
Type.type here.

has an effect of the given type been instated?

Is this type assignable to a type parameter with constraint `T`?

The result of this is a compile-time constant that can be used to specialize
code for a particular type.

is_of_integer_type(n T : numeric) => T : integer
say (is_of_integer_type 1234) # true
say (is_of_integer_type 3.14) # false

it is most useful in conjunction preconditions or `if` statements as in

pair(a,b T) is

=>

or

val(n T) is

execute 'code' in a context where the effect instance `e` has been
installed for effect type `effect.this`.

In case `f` returns normally, this will return `f`'s result.

In case `f` aborts this effect, this will panic.

execute 'code' in a context where the effect instance `e` has been
installed for effect type `effect.this`.

In case `f` returns normally, this will return `f`'s result.

In case `f` aborts this effect, return `def()`.

has an effect of this type been instated?

name of this type, including type parameters, e.g. 'option (list i32)'.

replace existing effect for type `effect.this` by the new effect value `e`.

For effects that model the outside world (e.g., i/o, time, sensors and actuators, etc.),
the effect might be a unit type, so the replace is effectively a no-operation. However,
the call to `replace` is used ot model the change of the outside world and must be
included for analysis tools to appreciate this.

replace may only be called during the execution of an operation of a currently instated
effect of the same effect type.

NYI: BUG: It is currently not enforced that replace is only called during the execution
of an operation of a currenlty instated effect of the same effect type.

abort the current execution and return from the surrounding call to
`instate`.

NYI: CLEANUP: `return` is the same as `abort`. The term `return` seems
common for algebraic effects, but is confusing since it is different to
returning from a call. We need to decide to break with algebraic effect
jargon (and remove `return`) or to stick with it (and rename `abort` as
`return`).

return function

Get a type as a value.

This is a feature with the effect equivalent to Fuzion's `expr.type` call tail.
It is recommended to use `expr.type` and not `expr.type_value`.

`type_value` is here to show how this can be implemented and to illustrate the
difference to `dynamic_type`.